![]() ![]() Collospermum hastatum and Collospermum microspermum are the only Collospermum taxa for which chromosome numbers are known and both have a chromosome number of n = 35. Darlington and Wylie (1955) proposed a basic chromosome number for Astelia of x = 8, but Wheeler (1966) considered the basic chromosome number to be x = 5, 7, or 35. Published chromosome numbers for Astelia taxa range from 2 n = 60 to 2 n = 210 ( Wheeler 1966, Dawson and Beuzenberg 2000, de Lange et al. Astelia and Collospermum have superior ovaries that are uni- or trilocular and trilocular, respectively. On the leaves of Astelia species the scales may become fused to form a membranous pellicle over the leaf epidermis. Scales may be present on the adaxial and/or abaxial leaf surfaces, inflorescences, and flowers. In Collospermum, the scales are ovate, short, and the stalk is peltate. In Astelia the scales are linear, may be short or long, and the stalk is attached at the base of the scale. The tomentum of Astelia and Collospermum consist of a multi-celled stalk, frayed unicellular filaments that form a basal wool adjacent to the stalk, and linear or ovate scales that are a single cell thick ( McCarthy 1928, Skottsberg 1934, L. 1998) and those of Astelia and Collospermum are dense, at least in the young leaves of most species. All Asteliaceae genera have branched hairs that are otherwise uncommon in the Lilianae ( Bayer et al. All species exhibit a tall, clustered habit and are primarily epiphytic, although plants that fall to the ground can persist for long periods.Īstelia and Collospermum share many morphological characters ( Bayer et al. includes four species that occur in lowland forests and in lowland and tropical montane cloud forests in New Zealand, the Independent State of Samoa and the Republics of Fiji and Vanuatu. Many Astelia species are facultatively epiphytic and three species are primarily epiphytic. Astelia species grow in a diverse range of habitats including coastal, lowland wetlands, tropical and temperate lowland forests, tropical montane cloud forests, sub-alpine heath, alpine fellfields and grasslands, and bog habitats. Astelia species exhibit a range of growth forms including low, cushion-forming and tall, clustered habits. is the largest genus in Asteliaceae Dumort., containing twenty-six species and three non-nominotypical varieties with an Austral-Pacific distribution. Astelia hastata Colenso, Astelia montana Seem., and Astelia microsperma Colenso pro parte are resurrected and the new combination Astelia samoense (Skottsb.) Birch, comb. Astelia subgenus Collospermum (Skottsb.) Birch is described. Astelia is dioecious or polygamodioecious, with a superior ovary, anthers dorsi- or basifixed, pistillodes or pistils that have a single short or poorly defined style, a 3 lobed stigma, and fleshy uni- or trilocular fruit with funicular hairs that are poorly to well developed. Collospermum is relegated to synonymy within Astelia. Revision of the subgeneric classification of Astelia is warranted to ensure classification accurately reflects the evolutionary history of these taxa. Further, Astelia subgenus Astelia is polyphyletic, and Astelia subgenera Asteliopsis and Tricella are paraphyletic, as currently circumscribed. few MMO sports games, no MOBAs, little limited multiplayer), particularly post-1999.Systematic investigations and phylogenetic analyses have indicated that Astelia, as currently circumscribed, is paraphyletic, with Collospermum nested within it. ![]() I’m also not including every piddly MMO on the planet or most MUDs/MUSHs/MOOs. This list does not include updates, patches, emulators, or other non-expansion-level additions.Relaunches, major shifts in format, or changes to its business model are in blue bold.If I’m missing a title or expansion you feel should be included on this list, please leave a comment below (with the date of the month/year they were released). ![]() The MMO Timeline is a quick reference sheet for the notable MMOs and proto-MMOs over time - when they launched, when they released expansion packs, and when (if) they closed. ![]()
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